Winter is a time to keep warm and contemplate. So I have
been mostly contemplating feet. Nothing for chiropodists to worry about, I
wouldn’t want to tread on any toes, so instead I’ve been thinking about birds’
feet. Birds’ feet are particularly well
adapted for what they do, which is to support the bird that they are attached
to, in the way that the bird needs them to – which is to perch, hop, walk, run
or cling.
Feet of a young robin - standard perching feet |
The first thing to notice about a bird’s foot is that they
are quite small – not because they don’t need to be bigger, but because they
are lighter that way. The whole of a
bird’s anatomy is tuned to being as light as possible from beaks to hollow
bones, not to mention the arrangement of the lungs and the amazingly strong and
light feathers so that flight involves the least effort. If you look at any flightless bird such as a
kiwi, you will notice how stocky the legs are – the same basic pattern, but
much heavier.
A pukeko, another flightless bird from New Zealand with very sturdy legs. |
A poor photo, but you can still see the 'tree-trunkiness' of the legs relative to the size of the kiwi. |
When it comes to perching, there are a number of ways this
is done; most birds have three forward pointing toes and claws, and one
pointing backwards. This is an ideal arrangement for gripping a
twig or a branch, but it’s not all about perching or roosting; woodpeckers and
their ilk use the same arrangement to cling to the trunks of trees. The three forward, one back arrangement works
here quite well, but the relatively heavy woodpecker has also developed short
and strong tail feathers which are used to brace it against the trunk.
A young woodpecker, not a good photo but it shows long claws and the two very stiff tail feathers |
If you do happen to see a large gull sat in a tree, you may
want to know if it is a greater or a lesser black-backed gull. The most reliable indicator is not the
greyness or blackness of their wings but rather that one has yellow legs, the
other has pink legs. All you need to do
then is remember which is which!
Identification by birdwatchers is one thing that evolution hasn’t worked
out yet, but feet can be quite distinctive. Some birdwatchers reckon to be able to tell
the difference between a willow warbler and a chiffchaff by the colour of their
legs. One has darker legs, but that
really needs them sat side by side. Apparently
the only reliable indicator is that one has a notch in the third primary wing
feather, the other doesn’t. So you just
need to catch it and then remember which is which!
The Common Kestrel - in India |
Same kestrel slightly enlarged showing the shiny black claws. |